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Lembrechts, Jonas J. ; van den Hoogen, Johan ; Aalto, Juha ; Ashcroft, Michael B. ; De Frenne, Pieter ; Kemppinen, Julia ; Kopecký, Martin ; Luoto, Miska ; Maclean, Ilya M. D. ; Crowther, Thomas W. ; Bailey, Joseph J. ; Haesen, Stef ; Klinges, David H. ; Niittynen, Pekka ; Scheffers, Brett R. ; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad ; Aartsma, Peter ; Abdalaze, Otar ; Abedi, Mehdi ; Aerts, Rien ; Ahmadian, Negar ; Ahrends, Antje ; Alatalo, Juha M. ; Alexander, Jake M. ; Allonsius, Camille Nina ; Altman, Jan ; Ammann, Christof ; Andres, Christian ; Andrews, Christopher ; Ardö, Jonas ; Arriga, Nicola ; Arzac, Alberto ; Aschero, Valeria ; Assis, Rafael L. ; Assmann, Jakob Johann ; Bader, Maaike Y. ; Bahalkeh, Khadijeh ; Barančok, Peter ; Barrio, Isabel C. ; Barros, Agustina ; Barthel, Matti ; Basham, Edmund W. ; Bauters, Marijn ; Bazzichetto, Manuele ; Belelli Marchesini, Luca ; Bell, Michael C. ; Benavides, Juan C. ; Benito Alonso, José Luis ; Berauer, Bernd J. ; Bjerke, Jarle W. ; Björk, Robert G. ; Björkman, Mats P. ; Björnsdóttir, Katrin ; Blonder, Benjamin ; Boeckx, Pascal ; Boike, Julia ; Bokhorst, Stef ; Brum, Bárbara N. S. ; Brůna, Josef ; Buchmann, Nina ; Buysse, Pauline ; Camargo, José Luís ; Campoe, Otávio C. ; Candan, Onur ; Canessa, Rafaella ; Cannone, Nicoletta ; Carbognani, Michele ; Carnicer, Jofre ; Casanova-Katny, Angélica ; Cesarz, Simone ; Chojnicki, Bogdan ; Choler, Philippe ; Chown, Steven L. ; Cifuentes, Edgar F. ; Čiliak, Marek ; Contador, Tamara ; Convey, Peter ; Cooper, Elisabeth J. ; Cremonese, Edoardo ; Curasi, Salvatore R. ; Curtis, Robin ; Cutini, Maurizio ; Dahlberg, C. Johan ; Daskalova, Gergana N. ; de Pablo, Miguel Angel ; Della Chiesa, Stefano ; Dengler, Jürgen ; Deronde, Bart ; Descombes, Patrice ; Di Cecco, Valter ; Di Musciano, Michele ; Dick, Jan ; Dimarco, Romina D. ; Dolezal, Jiri ; Dorrepaal, Ellen ; Dušek, Jiří ; Eisenhauer, Nico ; Eklundh, Lars ; Erickson, Todd E. ; Erschbamer, Brigitta ; Eugster, Werner ; Ewers, Robert M. ; Exton, Dan A. ; Fanin, Nicolas ; Fazlioglu, Fatih ; Feigenwinter, Iris ; Fenu, Giuseppe ; Ferlian, Olga ; Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa ; Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo ; Finckh, Manfred ; Finger Higgens, Rebecca ; Forte, T'ai G. W. ; Freeman, Erika C. ; Frei, Esther R. ; Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo ; García, Rafael A. ; García, María B. ; Géron, Charly ; Gharun, Mana ; Ghosn, Dany ; Gigauri, Khatuna ; Gobin, Anne ; Goded, Ignacio ; Goeckede, Mathias ; Gottschall, Felix ; Goulding, Keith ; Govaert, Sanne ; Graae, Bente Jessen ; Greenwood, Sarah ; Greiser, Caroline ; Grelle, Achim ; Guénard, Benoit ; Guglielmin, Mauro ; Guillemot, Joannès ; Haase, Peter ; Haider, Sylvia ; Halbritter, Aud H. ; Hamid, Maroof ; Hammerle, Albin ; Hampe, Arndt ; Haugum, Siri V. ; Hederová, Lucia ; Heinesch, Bernard ; Helfter, Carole ; Hepenstrick, Daniel ; Herberich, Maximiliane ; Herbst, Mathias ; Hermanutz, Luise ; Hik, David S. ; Hoffrén, Raúl ; Homeier, Jürgen ; Hörtnagl, Lukas ; Høye, Toke T. ; Hrbacek, Filip ; Hylander, Kristoffer ; Iwata, Hiroki ; Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni ; Jactel, Hervé ; Järveoja, Järvi ; Jastrzębowski, Szymon ; Jentsch, Anke ; Jiménez, Juan J. ; Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S. ; Jucker, Tommaso ; Jump, Alistair S. ; Juszczak, Radoslaw ; Kanka, Róbert ; Kašpar, Vít ; Kazakis, George ; Kelly, Julia ; Khuroo, Anzar A. ; Klemedtsson, Leif ; Klisz, Marcin ; Kljun, Natascha ; Knohl, Alexander ; Kobler, Johannes ; Kollár, Jozef ; Kotowska, Martyna M. ; Kovács, Bence ; Kreyling, Juergen ; Lamprecht, Andrea ; Lang, Simone I. ; Larson, Christian ; Larson, Keith ; Laska, Kamil ; le Maire, Guerric ; Leihy, Rachel I. ; Lens, Luc ; Liljebladh, Bengt ; Lohila, Annalea ; Lorite, Juan ; Loubet, Benjamin ; Lynn, Joshua ; Macek, Martin ; Mackenzie, Roy ; Magliulo, Enzo ; Maier, Regine ; Malfasi, Francesco ; Máliš, František ; Man, Matěj ; Manca, Giovanni ; Manco, Antonio ; Manise, Tanguy ; Manolaki, Paraskevi ; Marciniak, Felipe ; Matula, Radim ; Mazzolari, Ana Clara ; Medinets, Sergiy ; Medinets, Volodymyr ; Meeussen, Camille ; Merinero, Sonia ; Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães ; Meusburger, Katrin ; Meysman, Filip J. R. ; Michaletz, Sean T. ; Milbau, Ann ; Moiseev, Dmitry ; Moiseev, Pavel ; Mondoni, Andrea ; Monfries, Ruth ; Montagnani, Leonardo ; Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel ; Morra di Cella, Umberto ; Mörsdorf, Martin ; Mosedale, Jonathan R. ; Muffler, Lena ; Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam ; Myers, Jonathan A. ; Myers-Smith, Isla H. ; Nagy, Laszlo ; Nardino, Marianna ; Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona ; Newling, Emily ; Nicklas, Lena ; Niedrist, Georg ; Niessner, Armin ; Nilsson, Mats B. ; Normand, Signe ; Nosetto, Marcelo D. ; Nouvellon, Yann ; Nuñez, Martin A. ; Ogaya, Romà ; Ogée, Jérôme ; Okello, Joseph ; Olejnik, Janusz ; Olesen, Jørgen Eivind ; Opedal, Øystein H. ; Orsenigo, Simone ; Palaj, Andrej ; Pampuch, Timo ; Panov, Alexey V. ; Pärtel, Meelis ; Pastor, Ada ; Pauchard, Aníbal ; Pauli, Harald ; Pavelka, Marian ; Pearse, William D. ; Peichl, Matthias ; Pellissier, Loïc ; Penczykowski, Rachel M. ; Penuelas, Josep ; Petit Bon, Matteo ; Petraglia, Alessandro ; Phartyal, Shyam S. ; Phoenix, Gareth K. ; Pio, Casimiro ; Pitacco, Andrea ; Pitteloud, Camille ; Plichta, Roman ; Porro, Francesco ; Portillo-Estrada, Miguel ; Poulenard, Jérôme ; Poyatos, Rafael ; Prokushkin, Anatoly S. ; Puchalka, Radoslaw ; Pușcaș, Mihai ; Radujković, Dajana ; Randall, Krystal ; Ratier Backes, Amanda ; Remmele, Sabine ; Remmers, Wolfram ; Renault, David ; Risch, Anita C. ; Rixen, Christian ; Robinson, Sharon A. ; Robroek, Bjorn J. M. ; Rocha, Adrian V. ; Rossi, Christian ; Rossi, Graziano ; Roupsard, Olivier ; Rubtsov, Alexey V. ; Saccone, Patrick ; Sagot, Clotilde ; Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan ; Santos, Cinthya C. ; Sarneel, Judith M. ; Scharnweber, Tobias ; Schmeddes, Jonas ; Schmidt, Marius ; Scholten, Thomas ; Schuchardt, Max ; Schwartz, Naomi ; Scott, Tony ; Seeber, Julia ; Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina ; Seipel, Tim ; Semenchuk, Philipp ; Senior, Rebecca A. ; Serra-Diaz, Josep M. ; Sewerniak, Piotr ; Shekhar, Ankit ; Sidenko, Nikita V. ; Siebicke, Lukas ; Siegwart Collier, Laura ; Simpson, Elizabeth ; Siqueira, David P. ; Sitková, Zuzana ; Six, Johan ; Smiljanic, Marko ; Smith, Stuart W. ; Smith-Tripp, Sarah ; Somers, Ben ; Sørensen, Mia Vedel ; Souza, José João L. L. ; Souza, Bartolomeu Israel ; Souza Dias, Arildo ; Spasojevic, Marko J. ; Speed, James D. M. ; Spicher, Fabien ; Stanisci, Angela ; Steinbauer, Klaus ; Steinbrecher, Rainer ; Steinwandter, Michael ; Stemkovski, Michael ; Stephan, Jörg G. ; Stiegler, Christian ; Stoll, Stefan ; Svátek, Martin ; Svoboda, Miroslav ; Tagesson, Torbern ; Tanentzap, Andrew J. ; Tanneberger, Franziska ; Theurillat, Jean-Paul ; Thomas, Haydn J. D. ; Thomas, Andrew D. ; Tielbörger, Katja ; Tomaselli, Marcello ; Treier, Urs Albert ; Trouillier, Mario ; Turtureanu, Pavel Dan ; Tutton, Rosamond ; Tyystjärvi, Vilna A. ; Ueyama, Masahito ; Ujházy, Karol ; Ujházyová, Mariana ; Uogintas, Domas ; Urban, Anastasiya V. ; Urban, Josef ; Urbaniak, Marek ; Ursu, Tudor-Mihai ; Vaccari, Francesco Primo ; Van de Vondel, Stijn ; van den Brink, Liesbeth ; Van Geel, Maarten ; Vandvik, Vigdis ; Vangansbeke, Pieter ; Varlagin, Andrej ; Veen, G. F. ; Veenendaal, Elmar ; Venn, Susanna E. ; Verbeeck, Hans ; Verbrugggen, Erik ; Verheijen, Frank G. A. ; Villar, Luis ; Vitale, Luca ; Vittoz, Pascal ; Vives-Ingla, Maria ; von Oppen, Jonathan ; Walz, Josefine ; Wang, Runxi ; Wang, Yifeng ; Way, Robert G. ; Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M. ; Weigel, Robert ; Wild, Jan ; Wilkinson, Matthew ; Wilmking, Martin ; Wingate, Lisa ; Winkler, Manuela ; Wipf, Sonja ; Wohlfahrt, Georg ; Xenakis, Georgios ; Yang, Yan ; Yu, Zicheng ; Yu, Kailiang ; Zellweger, Florian ; Zhang, Jian ; Zhang, Zhaochen ; Zhao, Peng ; Ziemblińska, Klaudia ; Zimmermann, Reiner ; Zong, Shengwei ; Zyryanov, Viacheslav I. ; Nijs, Ivan ; Lenoir, Jonathan
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Manfrin, Alessandro ; Singer, Gabriel ; Larsen, Stefano ; Weiß, Nadine ; van Grunsven, Roy H. A. ; Weiß, Nina-Sophie ; Wohlfahrt, Stefanie ; Monaghan, Michael T. ; Hölker, Franz
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a widespread alteration of the natural environment that can affect the functioning of ecosystems. ALAN can change the movement patterns of freshwater animals that move into the adjacent riparian and terrestrial ecosystems, but the implications for local riparian consumers that rely on these subsidies are still unexplored. We conducted a 2-year field experiment to quantify changes of freshwater-terrestrial linkages by installing streetlights in a previously light-naïve riparian area adjacent to an agricultural drainage ditch. We compared the abundance and community composition of emerging aquatic insects, flying insects, and ground-dwelling arthropods with an unlit control site. Comparisons were made within and between years using two-way generalized least squares (GLS) model and a BACI design (Before-After Control-Impact). Aquatic insect emergence, the proportion of flying insects that were aquatic in origin, and the total abundance of flying insects all increased in the ALAN-illuminated area. The abundance of several night-active ground-dwelling predators (Pachygnatha clercki, Trochosa sp., Opiliones) increased under ALAN and their activity was extended into the day. Conversely, the abundance of nocturnal ground beetles (Carabidae) decreased under ALAN. The changes in composition of riparian predator and scavenger communities suggest that the increase in aquatic-to-terrestrial subsidy flux may cascade through the riparian food web. The work is among the first studies to experimentally manipulate ALAN using a large-scale field experiment, and provides evidence that ALAN can affect processes that link adjacent ecosystems. Given the large number of streetlights that are installed along shorelines of freshwater bodies throughout the globe, the effects could be widespread and represent an underestimated source of impairment for both aquatic and riparian systems.
Uhler, Johannes ; Haase, Peter ; Hoffmann, Lara ; Hothorn, Torsten ; Schmidl, Jürgen ; Stoll, Stefan ; Welti, Ellen A. R. ; Buse, Jörn ; Müller, Jörg
1. Recent reports on insect decline have highlighted the need for long-term data on insect communities towards identifying their trends and drivers.
2. With the launch of many new insect monitoring schemes to investigate insect communities over large spatial and temporal scales, Malaise traps have become one of the most important tools due to the broad spectrum of species collected and reduced capture bias through passive sampling of insects day and night. However, Malaise traps can vary in size, shape, and colour, and it is unknown how these differences affect biomass, species richness, and composition of trap catch, making it difficult to compare results between studies.
3. We compared five Malaise trap types (three variations of the Townes and two variations of the Bartak Malaise trap) to determine their effects on biomass and species richness as identified by metabarcoding.
4. Insect biomass varied by 20%–55%, not strictly following trap size but varying with trap type. Total species richness was 20%–38% higher in the three Townes trap models compared to the Bartak traps. Bartak traps captured lower richness of highly mobile taxa but increased richness of ground-dwelling taxa. The white roofed Townes trap captured a higher richness of pollinators.
5. We find that biomass, total richness, and taxa group specific richness are all sensitive to Malaise trap type. Trap type should be carefully considered and aligned to match monitoring and research questions. Additionally, our estimates of trap type effects can be used to adjust results to facilitate comparisons across studies.