FB Umweltwirtschaft/-recht (UCB)
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (Fachzeitschriften) (18) (entfernen)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (18) (entfernen)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- nein (18)
Schlagworte
- Nachhaltigkeit (5)
- Deutschland (4)
- Erbbaurecht (3)
- Germany (3)
- Marktgerechtigkeit (3)
- Rendite (3)
- Risiko (3)
- Cocaanbau (2)
- Colombia (2)
- Erbbauzins (2)
Institut
- FB Umweltwirtschaft/-recht (UCB) (18) (entfernen)
In the article, Cara-Maxine Heyd examines the complex relationship between USA war on drug policies and their impact on human rights for Colombia. It reflects on today’s relevance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a framework for identifying and defining human rights. The article briefly addresses the use of glyphosate against coca plantations and the Colombia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. It presents data on the historical growth of coca plantations and describes the affected social groups and regions, including peasant communities and deforested areas. She examines how various strategies to control coca cultivation, including aerial spraying with glyphosate, have impacted human rights, particularly the right to adequate living conditions. The use of glyphosate has affected over 100 thousand hectares, impacting numerous social groups, including landless peasants, indigenous peoples, and displaced communities by the internal conflict. The negative effects extend beyond health and livelihood, exacerbated by the illegality and social stigma associated with coca cultivation, which complicates institutional responses. Subsequently, the author explores how several human rights are impacted by eradication schemes related to coca cultivation. For the right to work, peasant growers, as the initial link in the cocaine value chain, face significant challenges. Government plans should focus on creating alternative job opportunities and supporting transitions to other products, including setting minimum wages and providing basic access to institutional benefits. Similarly, the right to food is compromised as new generations of peasants, born during the coca boom, have neglected traditional farming practices, leading to a loss of traditional agricultural practices and techniques agricultural. For the right to health and human dignity, glyphosate use exacerbates health issues and impacts non-coca crops, affecting food sovereignty and security. The author notes that glyphosate, classified as “possibly carcinogenic” by the World Health Organization, has been controversially used due to political rather than scientific evidence, which could trigger a humanitarian crisis. Lastly, the right to cultural life is affected by the marginalization of traditional coca use, which holds significant traditional and spiritual value in the Andean region. Traditional practices must be aligned to modern policies. This article also discusses the German constitutional right to a minimum subsistence level, which is consistent with human dignity. She explains the rationality behind this assimilation and provides context, also demonstrating how doctrine development and research conducted in different geographies can enhance the rights’ scope of protection. Therefore, coca peasants should be acknowledged as victims? The author response to this question from the decent standard of living perspective, offering an interesting approach to this communities’ situation. The author’s literature review and institutional sources detail the ambiguous legal status of coca globally and critique the reward-based system. She left several open windows to continue the investigation about where this situation is taking Colombia and the International community.
With her paper "Artisanal fisheries in circumstances with political framework and co-management" Dorothea Hensing discusses the high productivity of pelagic fish in the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem (HCLME) and how it is impacted by factors such as acidification and oxygen depletion due to global warming. This ecosystem, rich in marine life, faces significant challenges exacerbated by extreme weather events like El Niño and La Niña, profoundly impact the livelihoods of artisanal fishermen, creating economic instability. Despite these adversities, artisanal fisheries remain crucial contributors to Peru‘s GDP. However, their sustainability and financial stability are compromised by various factors, including the lack of institutional support and the prevalence of informal practices within the industry. Informality permeates aspects such as labor relations and vessel construction, consequently affecting workers' rights, their financial stability and rendering them vulnerable. Fishing communities, such as the one in Chorillos, are complex socio-ecological systems reliant on social capital, but they are susceptible to external influences. Political dimensions further complicate the scenario, necessitating the establishment of effective co-management mechanisms, artisanal fisheries' inclusion in decision-making processes, a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem threats, and policy reforms to address informality. The author demonstrates the importance of strengthening governance and decision-making processes to address institutional flaws and protect the marine ecosystems and livelihoods of artisanal fishermen in Peru.
When we want to understand why the laws of nature and nature itself are currently in such bad condition, we need to look at our way of seeing the world. When we want to stop the rapid deforestation, climate change, mass extinction, and other catastrophic impacts we have on our environment, we need to figure out at what time and why they started. There are fundamental differences between an anthropocentric worldview, where humans are above all other species, and an animist worldview, where humans are a part of nature. Due to people acting accordingly to their perception of the world, we need to understand why these perceptions differentiate so much and why people from the imperial core, respectively, the exploiting countries, think in a hierarchical pattern. Our disconnectedness from nature has reached a shocking extent. People living in big cities see nothing but concrete and cars; the plants they have in their homes are made out of plastic; and the only time they see animals is when they go to a zoo, where they are crammed in little enclosures and alienated from their natural habitat. Children growing up these days spend more time watching ads on TV or social media than they spend in nature. No wonder that many people know more brands than tree species, despite the fact that just one of those two keeps them alive. It is high time to question this development and to ask ourselves how we ended up here. Interestingly, there are still elements of a human-nature relationship visible in our modern capitalist society. Some people see their dog or cat as part of the family and talk to them; others care for plants as well as they do for their own children. And even in movies, a world is a portrait where the birds talk to the people and plants are alive. Therefore, the idea of nature being alive rather than just some material resource still prevails in our subconscious and in our fantasy to this day. The first part of this paper portrays our current perspective on nature and how it developed. From Plato’s Allegory of the Cave to the scientific revolution initiated by Francis Bacon and the dualism founded by Descartes, many theories influenced our perception of the world. The term Anthropocene is widespread, but it is rarely discussed or narrowed down when used. It will be discussed and elaborated on how the rise of capitalism is related to the accelerating exploitation of nature. The second part is about defining animism, the initial view of humans as a part of nature, which is still prevalent in indigenous culture. Cartesian dualism will be challenged, and other philosophical theories will be examined. The concept and theory of ecological feminism are going to be introduced, and the underlying analyses will be conducted in the context of animism. Our perception of nature will be debunked, and strong advocacy will be made for a more sustainable human-nature relationship.
Over forty years ago, physicist and deep ecologist Capra indicated: "Ecosystems sustain themselves in a dynamic balance based on cycles and fluctuations, which are nonlinear processes. Linear enterprises, such as indefinite economic and technological growth will necessarily interfere with the natural balance and, sooner or later, will cause severe damage. Ecological awareness, then, will arise only when we combine our rational knowledge with an intuition for the nonlinear nature of our environment. Such intuitive wisdom is characteristic of traditional, non-literate cultures, [...] in which life was organized around a highly refined awareness of environment." Since then, natural ecosystems are being pushed beyond their limits with human societies confronting unprecedented challenges like climate change, species extinctions and pollution. Various approaches like ecological restoration, conservation, renewable energies and car sequestration have been deployed to tackle the global ecological crisis. Yet, a crucial element remains largely overlooked: integrating local and traditional ecological knowledge as well as indigenous perspectives with modern western science to foster environmentally sustainable solutions. This student research paper explores how the concept of traditional ecological knowledge is defined in science, law and policy literatures and what contribution place-based communities such as the artisanal fishery of Chorrillos can serve for improving cooperative environmental and natural resources management. The method applied aims to evaluate existing literature, synthesizing ideas, and critically analyzing the status quo. Subsequently, the paper will provide recommendations for integrating ecological traditional knowledge in legal frameworks and practice through sound policy aimed at sustainable development.
Coca Cultivation in Colombian Economy – Considering the 2007 US-Colombian Free Trade Agreement
(2024)
According to the overarching theme "Should something happen somewhere else that we don't want to have here?", this research paper deals with the extended question "How does the 2007 free trade agreement between Colombia and the USA affect the situation in Colombia?". Focusing on the aspect of coca cultivation this paper is framed by the question of projecting the situation in Colombia onto the situation in Germany. Universal human rights are the unifying force between Colombia in Latin America and Germany in Central Europe. Through the United Nations Declaration, these rights have universal validity regardless of national or ethnic affiliation. These rights apply to all countries of the world, including Colombia. The situation of the population regarding the economic and ethical components is illuminated on the basis of coca cultivation. Starting with the topic of coca cultivation, the challenges and interests by groups of people involved are described. The Colombian economy is then examined in order to classify the importance of this topic. The topic of the "free market" is a very relevant one, particularly regarding the economic component and can be supported by free trade agreements. This means that the domestic economy is not only restricted to its own sales market without regulation but is also largely extended to other partner countries. In terms of market liberalization, this would also be relevant for coca distribution. Thus, opening to other markets at the direct level is an export opportunity, but also at the indirect level. Exports can also be expanded via third countries. However, national governments are also responsible for this process. Therefore, this paper also explains the role of Colombian politics in coca cultivation, as it has a significant role in the cultivation and trade of the coca plant as well as in external economic relations. Furthermore, the paper attempts to construct a possible solution to improve the living situation of the people in Colombia. The factors of the economy, politics, foreign policy and the relationships between the individual actors are considered in order to arrive at a solution that is as balanced as possible, taking into account the norms of human rights.
Rights for Nature in Germany
(2024)
In the last decades, the development of the rights of nature has become a significant issue in various parts of the world. This emerging approach views nature not only as a resource for human use, but as a value in its own right that must be protected and respected. Over the last years the discussion about a rights for nature have also increased in Germany. This paper takes a look at the current state of the debate on natural rights in Germany. The first part gives an overview about the current status of natural rights all over the world. The second part deals with the rights of nature in Germany and how these have developed in recent years, for example through the citizens' initiative in Bavaria, which addresses the rights of nature and makes them the subject of a referendum. The third part deals with the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court. This decision in March 2021 on the issue of climate protection marked a significant milestone in the context of the global climate crisis and finally the class action lawsuit.
Since the beginning of 2023, the so-called reusable packaging obligation has been in place in Germany in order to reduce the amount of waste from takeaway packaging. Catering companies will then be obliged to offer reusable packaging as an alternative to disposable plastic takeaway packaging. As part of the pilot project ‘Mehrweg Modell Stadt’ (‘Reusable city model’), an open infrastructure for reusable cups is in trial in Mainz and Wiesbaden. The project was subjected to a scientific monitoring process, which included the implementation of quantitative surveys among various stakeholders within the value chain, namely consumers, catering companies, and other companies engaged in the project. This was conducted over two time periods: August 2023 to September 2023, and February to March 2024. The results show a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and their actual behavior: Despite a high level of sustainability awareness and perceived positive benefits of reusable packaging, perceived barriers stand in the way of actual use. The biggest challenges for companies are the lack of consumer demand, practical handling and hygiene requirements. The results of this quantitative social research provide important insights for the development of targeted measures to promote the use of reusable packaging in takeaway catering and contribute to the discussion on closing the attitude–behavior gap along the entire value chain.
More and more universities are recognizing their role model and creative function in society and are acting accordingly - also in terms of mobility. In this way, universities can make an important contribution to climate protection, as mobility is responsible for more than 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The GreenMetric ranking also takes the area of mobility into account via the Transportation category, which is weighted at 18%. This paper uses the example of the Environmental Campus Birkenfeld at Trier University of Applied Sciences, Germany, to show what opportunities universities in rural areas have to reduce transportation-related emissions of students and employees. The possibilities of avoiding transportation as well as different solutions for the reduction of transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. Furthermore, conflicts of objectives inherent to the university system in the area of mobility are considered, especially in the area of internationalization.
In der seit 2009 andauernden Niedrigzinsphase ging der Anteil der Kapitaleinkommen am Volkseinkommen zurück. Da sich der Anteil des Faktors Arbeit nicht wesentlich veränderte, gewann der Produktionsfaktor Boden an Bedeutung. In der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung spiegelt sich dies jedoch nicht wider, da der Boden dort nicht gesondert ausgewiesen wird. Mithilfe des Henry-George-Theorems wird versucht, eine Methode zu entwickeln, die den Anteil des Faktors Boden quantifiziert. Der explizite Ausweis des Bodeneinkommens in der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung könnte dazu beitragen, die Rolle dieses vernachlässigten Faktors zu korrigieren.
Research integrity (RI) has been a focus of society in recent years as a means to create and to keep trust in science. Higher education institutions (HEIs) play a key role in promoting a culture of RI and responsible conduct of research (RCR). The understanding and practice of RI can vary across cultures. This article aims to outline initial insights into university students’ RI mindsets based on five RI facets: understanding, importance, value-action gap, enforcement approaches, and training. A qualitative exploratory cross-cultural study was conducted with participants from Germany and Bulgaria via semi-structured guided group interviews. An explicit transcultural agreement regarding the significance of RI was categorically indicated. Intercultural differences between the two European countries were revealed and discussed in reference to understanding RI, the value-action gap, enforcement approaches, and training preferences.
In Deutschland findet die Gestaltung von Erbbaurechtsverträgen sehr oft unter politischen Gesichtspunkten, aber wenig am Markt orientiert statt. Die Akzeptanz des Erbbaurechts leidet hierunter. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt dabei die Festlegung des Erbbauzinses, der angesichts des niedrigen Zinsniveaus oft als unangemessen empfunden wird. Andererseits stellt sich die Ableitung „marktgerechter“ Erbbauzinsen im Vergleichswege schwierig dar. Im Beitrag wird daher ein praxisbezogener, auf der Kapitalmarkttheorie basierender Ansatz für die Festlegung marktgerechter Erbbauzinsen dargestellt. Wichtig ist dabei die Verschiebung der Rendite/Risiko-Position, die sich aufgrund der Bestellung von Erbbaurechten gegenüber Volleigentum ergibt. Sowohl der Erbbauverpflichtete wie auch der Erbbauberechtigte dürfen sich diesbezüglich nicht schlechter als bei Volleigentum stellen. Diese Anforderung wird durch die Sharpe Ratio konkretisiert. Damit sich der Erbbauberechtigte nicht gegenüber Volleigentum verschlechtert, bedarf es einer „Subventionierung“ seiner Rendite. Es wird gezeigt, dass dies durch den Erbbauberechtigten ohne Einbußen in seiner Rendite/Risiko-Position gegenüber Volleigentum geschehen kann. Auf Grundlage dieser Überlegungen werden Mindestrenditeforderungen für den Erbbauberechtigten und Höchstsätze für den Erbbauverpflichteten kalkuliert, die sich auf die Bodenwerte beziehen.
Erbbaurechte werden in den letzten Jahren zwar wieder verstärkt verwendet, führen aber immer noch ein Nischendasein. Bei Erbbaurechten findet eine Aufspaltung der Eigentumsrechte an der Immobilie statt. Hierdurch entstehen einerseits zusätzliche Kontroll- und Durchsetzungskosten, andererseits auch Eingriffe in die Verfügungsrechte des Erbbauberechtigten. Beides führt zu Wertabschlägen, mit denen Volleigentum nicht belastet ist. Dies belastet sowohl die Rendite als auch die Möglichkeiten, bezahlbaren Wohnraum über Erbbaurechte zur Verfügung zu stellen. Hinzu kommen Nachteile bei der Veräußerbarkeit und der Beleihbarkeit von Erbbaurechten. Auf der anderen Seite können Erbbaurechte als ein Instrumentarium zur Reallokation von Investitionsrisiken auf den Erbbaurechtnehmer verstanden werden. Marktgerechtigkeit vorausgesetzt, sinken die Renditeforderungen der Erbbaurechtgeber stärker ab, als die Renditeforderungen der Erbbaurechtgeber ansteigen. Hierdurch entstehen u. U. beträchtliche Diskontierungsgewinne, die bei Volleigentum nicht generiert werden und die eine Überkompensation der Nachteile des Erbbaurechts bewirken können. Allerdings erlaubt es die Art und Weise, wie in Deutschland Erbbaurechte angewandt werden aber nicht, diesen potenziellen Mehrwert tatsächlich auszuschöpfen. Es werden Modelle aufgezeigt, die diese Anwendungsprobleme auf einfache Weise beheben.
Der Erbbauzins ist bei kommunalen Erbbaurechten sowohl eine zentrale Stellgröße für die Wirtschaftlichkeit als auch von kommunalwirtschafts- und beihilferechtlicher Relevanz. Er wird zumeist ermittelt, indem ein geeigneter Erbbauzinssatz auf den Bodenwert angelegt wird. Der Erbbauzinssatz sollte dabei marktgerecht sein. Sowohl die Ableitung des Erbbauzinssatzes aus dem Primärmarkt (erstmalige Ausgabe von Erbbaurechten) wie aus dem Sekundärmarkt (Weiterverkäufe) ist aber zumindest bei Erbbaurechten für Mehrfamilienhäuser derzeit kaum sinnvoll zu diesem Zwecke durchzuführen. Auch der Liegenschaftszinssatz ist ungeeignet, da er aus einem Modell für Volleigentum mit einer vollkommen anderen Risiko-/Rendite-Konstellation abgeleitet wird. Daher wird für eine stärkere Anwendung ökonomisch basierter Verfahren plädiert und hierbei ein kapitalmarktorientiertes Mark-to-Model-Verfahren dargestellt. Erste überschlägige Ermittlungen legen zudem die Orientierung an langfristigen Baufinanzierungssätzen als Daumenregel nahe. Regelmäßig dürften von Kommunen für die Ermittlung von marktgerechten Erbbauzinssätzen öffentlich bestellte und vereidigte oder zertifizierte Grundstückssachverständige betraut werden, denen die betreffenden Verfahren jedoch oftmals fremd sind. Auch stellt sich die Frage nach der Zulässigkeit, da sie sich als Best Practice-Verfahren bislang nicht etabliert haben. Daher wäre dem Gesetz- bzw. Verordnungsgeber anzuraten, die Ermittlung marktgerechter Erbbauzinssätze ausdrücklich zu regeln und dabei jenseits von Mark-to-Market-Verfahren weitere geeignete ökonomisch gestützte Methoden wie auch empirisch abgesicherte „Daumenregeln“ zuzulassen.
Multimodal meaning making: The annotation of nonverbal elements in multimodal corpus transcription
(2021)
The article discusses how to integrate annotation for nonverbal elements (NVE) from multimodal raw data as part of a standardized corpus transcription. We argue that it is essential to include multimodal elements when investigating conversational data, and that in order to integrate these elements, a structured approach to complex multimodal data is needed. We discuss how to formulate a structured corpus-suitable standard syntax and taxonomy for nonverbal features such as gesture, facial expressions, and physical stance, and how to integrate it in a corpus. Using corpus examples, the article describes the development of a robust annotation system for spoken language in the corpus of Video-mediated English as a Lingua Franca Conversations (ViMELF 2018) and illustrates how the system can be used for the study of spoken discourse. The system takes into account previous research on multimodality, transcribes salient nonverbal features in a concise manner, and uses a standard syntax. While such an approach introduces a degree of subjectivity through the criteria of salience and conciseness, the system also offers considerable advantages: it is versatile and adaptable, flexible enough to work with a wide range of multimodal data, and it allows both quantitative and qualitative research on the pragmatics of interaction.
Die umlagefinanzierte gesetzliche Rentenversicherung kann angesichts der demografischen Entwicklung eine auskömmliche Versorgung im Alter bald nicht mehr sichern. Indem die Bürger:innen über eine kapitalgedeckte Alterssicherung am Unternehmensvermögen mittelbar beteiligt werden, könnte die Rentenlücke zumindest teilweise geschlossen werden. Das Unternehmensvermögen sollte bei einem neuen Reformanlauf auch vollständig in die Erbschaftsteuer einbezogen werden; dabei darf aber der Fortbestand der Unternehmen nicht gefährdet werden. Die Erbschaftsteuer auf Unternehmensvermögen könnte dabei als Finanzierungsquelle für eine kapitalgedeckte Altersgrundsicherung dienen.
A common answer to the financial challenges of green transformation and the shortcomings of the current taxation system is the “double dividend approach”. Environmental taxes should either feed the public purse in order to remove other distorting taxes, or directly contribute to financing green transformation. Germany adopted the former approach. However, this article argues, by using the example of Germany, that “good taxes” in terms of public finance should be neutral in terms of environmental protection and vice versa. Neutral taxation in terms of environmental impacts can be best achieved by applying the “Henry George principle”. Additionally, neutral taxation in terms of public finance is best achieved if the revenues from environmental taxes are redistributed to the citizens as an ecological basic income. Thus, distortive effects of environmental charges in terms of distribution and political decision-making might be removed. However, such a financial framework could be introduced step by step, starting with a tax shift.
In the single-processor scheduling problem with time restrictions there is one main processor and B resources that are used to execute the jobs. A perfect schedule has no idle times or gaps on the main processor and the makespan is therefore equal to the sum of the processing times. In general, more resources result in smaller makespans, and as it is in practical applications often more economic not to mobilize resources that will be unnecessary and expensive, we investigate in this paper the problem to find the smallest number B of resources that make a perfect schedule possible. We show that the decision version of this problem is NP-complete, derive new structural properties of perfect schedules, and we describe a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MIP) formulation to solve the problem. A large number of computational tests show that (for our randomly chosen problem instances) only B=3 or B=4 resources are sufficient for a perfect schedule.
Most of the land reforms of recent decades have followed an approach of “formalization and capitalization” of individual land titles (de Soto 2000). However, within the privatization agenda, benefits of unimproved land (such as land rents and value capture) are reaped privately by well-organized actors, whereas the costs of valorization (e.g., infrastructure) or opportunity costs of land use changes are shifted onto poorly organized groups. Consequences of capitalization and formalization include rent seeking and land grabbing. In developing countries, formal law often transpires to work in favor of the winners of the titling process and is opposed by the customary rights of the losers. This causes a lack of general acknowledgement of formalized law (which is made responsible for deprivation of livelihoods of vulnerable groups) and often leads to a clash of formal and customary norms. Countries may fall into a state of de facto anarchy and “de facto open access”. Encroachment and destruction of natural resources may spread. A reframing of development policy is necessary in order to fight these aberrations. Examples and evidence are provided from Cambodia, which has many features in common with other countries in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa in this respect.