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Im Oktober 2019 veröffentlichte die Amerikanische Psychologische Gesellschaft APA die siebte, überarbeitete Auflage ihres Publikationshandbuchs "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association". In diesem Ratgeber werden Ihnen die Grundregeln des enthaltenen Zitierregelwerks vorgestellt, ergänzt um eine Einführung in das Zitieren. Einige wenige Regeln wurden der deutschen Grammatik angepasst (z. B. hinsichtlich Kommasetzung vor "&").
Inhalt:
1. Zitieren: Einleitung
2. Zitieren: Definitionen, Grundregeln und Plagiate
3. Zitiersysteme: Klassifikation
4. Zitiersysteme: APA – ein erster Eindruck
5. Text: Kurzbelege gestalten und platzieren
6. Text: sinngemäße Zitate
7. Text: direkte Zitate
8. Literaturverzeichnis: Inhalt und Sortierung (allgemein)
9. Literaturverzeichnis: Autor-Element (allgemein)
10. Literaturverzeichnis: Datum-Element (allgemein)
11. Literaturverzeichnis: Titel-Element (allgemein)
12. Literaturverzeichnis: Quellen-Informations-Element (allgemein)
13. Literaturverzeichnis: Quellen-DOI/URL-Element (allgemein)
14. Literaturverzeichnis: Schriftwerke
14.1 Periodika (Beiträge in Zeitschriften, Zeitungen etc.)
14.2 Bücher (Fach-, Lehrbücher, Sammel-, Nachschlagewerke u. Ä.)
14.3 Beiträge in Sammel- und Nachschlagewerken
14.4 Berichte und graue Literatur
14.5 Tagungs- und Konferenzbeiträge
14.6 Dissertationen und Abschlussarbeiten
14.7 Rezensionen und Besprechungen (in Periodika oder Blogs)
14.8 Unveröffentlichte und informell veröffentlichte Werke
14.9 Normblätter
14.10 Patentschriften
14.11 Spezial: Juristische Texte
15. Datensätze, Software und Tests
15.1 Datensätze
15.2 Software, mobile Apps, Apparaturen und Ausrüstung
16. Tests, Skalen und Messinstrumente
17. Audiovisuelle Medien
17.1 Audiovisuelle Werke (allgemein)
17.2 Ton-Bild-Werke (Filme etc.)
17.3 Tonwerke (Musikalben etc.)
17.4 Bildwerke (Karten etc.)
18. Online-Medien
18.1 Soziale Medien
18.2 Webseiten und Websites
19. Abbildungszitate gemäß APA
20. Zitiersysteme: APA-Handbuch und -Zitierhilfen
21. Zitiersysteme: Alternativen
22. Extra: Tipps für das Zusammenstellen einer Literaturgrundlage
This paper is structured into two parts, which are closely related: first, the analysis of the parlamentary and governmental measures against the covid-19 pandemic; and second, the future regulatory framework about freedom of movement and other rights in the European area, according to the new European pact on migration and asylum.
Freedom of trade, occupation and profession in times of the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa
(2022)
This paper evaluates the freedom of trade, occupation, and profession in South Africa from a Covid-19 pandemic context. It does that by focusing on the pertinent provisions and rights contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) and relevant international and regional human rights instruments. It proceeds by discussing the interlinkage between (the freedom of trade, occupation, and profession and other pertinent fundamental) rights, limitation, enforcement, and interpretation of rights. This is followed by some final observations.
This paper analyzes some of the assumptions in which the varied use of technologies to confront the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and protect people's health has impacted on the fundamental right to the protection of personal data; to do so, it starts from the premise that the use of these technologies cannot mean an affectation to the referred fundamental right, much less an indiscriminate treatment of such data without any minimum control whatsoever.
Covid-19 outbreak had a huge impact on the economy worldwide as businesses had to close or cease their activities due to the lockdown regulations. The “luckiest” firms were able to operate but under restricted conditions. In order to avoid what certain authors called “bankruptcy epidemic” European countries took economic and fiscal measures to help companies compensate their financial losses. In addition to Government Grants, emergency legislations have been adopted with the aim to adapt insolvency and restructuring procedures to the sanitary situation and specific rules relating to company Law have also been implemented. This paper deals with the measures taken by the state of Luxembourg and gives a brief overview of the legal amendments.
The study traces the development of compulsory vaccination in Germany against the background of political discussion and legislative activities, focusing on the area of tension between state health protection and the right to medical self-determination in the context of constitutional balancing. It is based on the assumption that the right to medical self-determination traditionally dominates state decisions in a democratic constitutional state and that the scope for decision-making is constantly being further contoured in the face of current challenges.
Numerous research methods have been developed to detect anomalies in the areas of security and risk analysis. In healthcare, there are numerous use cases where anomaly detection is relevant. For example, early detection of sepsis is one such use case. Early treatment of sepsis is cost effective and reduces the number of hospital days of patients in the ICU. There is no single procedure that is sufficient for sepsis diagnosis, and combinations of approaches are needed. Detecting anomalies in patient time series data could help speed the development of some decisions. However, our algorithm must be viewed as complementary to other approaches based on laboratory values and physician judgments. The focus of this work is to develop a hybrid method for detecting anomalies that occur, for example, in multidimensional medical signals, sensor signals, or other time series in business and nature. The novelty of our approach lies in the extension and combination of existing approaches: Statistics, Self Organizing Maps and Linear Discriminant Analysis in a unique and unprecedented way with the goal of identifying different types of anomalies in real-time measurement data and defining the point where the anomaly occurs. The proposed algorithm not only has the full potential to detect anomalies, but also to find real points where an anomaly starts.
A new comprehensive evaluation system presented here allows to compare and to quantify education for a sustainable development (ESD) in degree programs. The evaluation is based on a criteria system working with three hierarchic levels. The highest level considers a list of 35 indicator terms. Primarily, the two most popular undergraduate (bachelor’s) degree programs in Germany (mechanical engineering, ME, and business administration, BA) have been reviewed for ESD contents based on the new evaluation scheme. Additionally we reviewed and quantified ESD subjects and their temporal changes in the entire bandwidth of degree programs of a university (Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, University of Applied Sciences Trier), back to 1999. Moreover, a spot check on international ME and BA bachelor’s degree programs was performed. Through our reviews, we found a high number of elective classes dedicated to ESD particularly in BA bachelor programs. However, the percentage of compulsory classes related to ESD is relatively low with 5-6 % in both ME and BA programs, respectively. The spot check on degree programs outside Germany revealed similar results. Analysing the time trend at Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld, a considerable share of ESD that was part of the original diploma degrees was moved to what are now master’s degrees.
Concerns over climate change, air pollution, and oil supply have stimulated the market for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The environmental impacts of BEVs are typically evaluated through a standardized life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Here, the LCA literature was surveyed with the objective to sketch the major trends and challenges in the impact assessment of BEVs. It was found that BEVs tend to be more energy efficient and less polluting than conventional cars. BEVs decrease exposure to air pollution as their impacts largely result from vehicle production and electricity generation outside of urban areas. The carbon footprint of BEVs, being highly sensitive to the carbon intensity of the electricity mix, may decrease in the nearby future through a shift to renewable energies and technology improvements in general. A minority of LCAs covers impact categories other than carbon footprint, revealing a mixed picture. Up to date little attention is paid so far in LCA to the efficiency advantage of BEVs in urban traffic, the gap between on-road and certified energy consumption, the local exposure to air pollutants and noise and the aging of emissions control technologies in conventional cars. Improvements of BEV components, directed charging, second-life reuse of vehicle batteries, as well as vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid applications will significantly reduce the environmental impacts of BEVs in the future.
Background: On the way to a more sustainable society, transport needs to be urgently optimized regarding energy consumption and pollution control. While in earlier decades, Europe followed automobile technology leaps initiated in the USA, it has decoupled itself for 20 years by focusing research capacity towards the diesel powertrain. The resulting technology shift has led to some 45 million extra diesel cars in Europe. Its outcome in terms of health and environmental effects will be investigated below.
Results: Expected greenhouse gas savings initiated by the shift to diesel cars have been overestimated. Only about one tenth of overall energy efficiency improvements of passenger cars can be attributed to it. These minor savings are on the other hand overcompensated by a significant increase of supply chain CO2 emissions and extensive black carbon emissions of diesel cars without particulate filter. We conclude that the European diesel car boom did not cool down the atmosphere. Moreover, toxic NO x emissions of diesel cars have been underestimated up to 20-fold in officially announced data. The voluntary agreement signed in 1998 between the European Automobile industry and the European Commission envisaging to reduce CO2 emissions has been identified as elementary for the ensuing European diesel car boom. Four factors have been quantified in order to explain very different dieselization rates across Europe: impact of national car/supplier industry, ecological modernization, fuel tourism and corporatist political governance. By comparing the European diesel strategy to the Japanese petrol-hybrid avenue, it becomes clear that a different road would have both more effectively reduced CO2 emissions and pollutants.
Conclusion: Europe's car fleets have been persistently transformed from being petrol-driven to diesel-driven over the last 20 years. This paper investigates on how this came to be and why Europe took a distinct route as compared to other parts of the world. It also attempts to evaluate the outcome of stated goals of this transformation which was primarily a robust reduction in GHG emissions. We conclude that global warming has been negatively affected, and air pollution has become alarming in many European locations. More progressive development scenarios could have prevented these outcomes.