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In der seit 2009 andauernden Niedrigzinsphase ging der Anteil der Kapitaleinkommen am Volkseinkommen zurück. Da sich der Anteil des Faktors Arbeit nicht wesentlich veränderte, gewann der Produktionsfaktor Boden an Bedeutung. In der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung spiegelt sich dies jedoch nicht wider, da der Boden dort nicht gesondert ausgewiesen wird. Mithilfe des Henry-George-Theorems wird versucht, eine Methode zu entwickeln, die den Anteil des Faktors Boden quantifiziert. Der explizite Ausweis des Bodeneinkommens in der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung könnte dazu beitragen, die Rolle dieses vernachlässigten Faktors zu korrigieren.
Das Ziel der Bundesregierung von jährlich 400.000 neuen Wohnungen (davon 100.000 mit Sozialbindung) ist gefährdet. Deutschland steht nämlich möglicherweise eine längere Stagflationsphase bevor, die nicht zuletzt durch den Abriss von Lieferketten und den Anstieg der Energiepreise bedingt ist. Investoren von Wohnungen geraten dabei wirtschaftlich in die Zange: Einerseits sind die Möglichkeiten, weitere Mieterhöhungen durchzusetzen, aufgrund sinkender Realeinkommen beschränkt. Auf der anderen Seite explodiert aufgrund steigender Baukosten und Zinsen die Kostenseite. Dies alles dürfte sich auf die Investitionsbereitschaft sehr negativ auswirken, zumal derzeit noch keine Erleichterung in Gestalt eines deutlichen Absinkens der Bodenpreise zu erkennen ist. Letzteres ist allerdings ein Argument für den verstärkten Einsatz von öffentlich ausgegebenen Erbbaurechten, über die auch Sozialbindungen für die gesamte Vertragslaufzeit auferlegt werden können.
Allerdings können u. U. in der sich abzeichnenden wirtschaftlichen Situation durchaus auch Erbbaurechtnehmer mit Bestandsverträgen in Probleme geraten. Die Ursache hierfür sind Anpassungen der Erbbauzinsen, deren Entwicklung an die Inflationsrate gekoppelt ist. Zwar existiert eine gesetzliche Billigkeitsprüfung. Diese setzt in ihrer gegenwärtigen Ausgestaltung aber möglicherweise zu geringe Hürden bei inflationsbedingt starken Erhöhungen der Erbbauzinsen. Diese Hürden könnte einerseits aber erhöht werden, indem neben den Bruttoverdiensten der Arbeitnehmer auf die Kerninflationsrate anstatt der Verbraucherpreissteigerungen Bezug genommen wird. Eine Alternative besteht in der Bezugnahme der Kappungsgrenze auf den Wohnungsmietindex, was allerdings einen Bruch mit der bisherigen wirtschaftlichen Logik der Kappungsgrenze bedeutet.
Bei von der öffentlichen Hand ausgegebenen Erbbaurechten würde sich ebenfalls eine freiwillige Bezugnahme der Anpassung der Erbbauzinsen im Rahmen von Gleitklauseln an der Kerninflationsrate empfehlen.
Die erstmalige Ausgabe von Erbbaurechten durch die öffentliche Hand sollte orientiert an langfristigen Baufinanzierungszinsen erfolgen. Dabei wäre jedoch ein Abschlag mit Blick auf die erwartete (Kern-) Inflation vorzunehmen, die bei Erbbaurechtsverträgen wegen der hier möglichen Wertsicherungsklauseln deutlich weniger auf die Rendite als bei Baufinanzierungen durchschlägt. Die Länder sind hier v. a. dahingehend gefordert, in den Gemeindeordnungen klarzustellen, dass ein derartiges Vorgehen nicht gegen das Gebot der Abgabe von Vermögenswerten zum „vollen Wert“ verstößt.
Ebenfalls vornehmlich den Aufgabenbereich der Länder (aber auch der Gemeinden) betrifft die Notwendigkeit, eine eigenständige Förderkulisse für bezahlbaren Wohnraum über Erbbaurechte aufzustellen, die perspektivisch die gesamte Vertragslaufzeit umfasst. Eine weitere Absenkung der Erbbauzinsen über das oben diskutierte Niveau (Orientierung an inflationsadjustierten langfristigen Baufinanzierungszinsen) stellt i.d.R. nur eine zweitbeste Lösung dar.
Die umlagefinanzierte gesetzliche Rentenversicherung kann angesichts der demografischen Entwicklung eine auskömmliche Versorgung im Alter bald nicht mehr sichern. Indem die Bürger:innen über eine kapitalgedeckte Alterssicherung am Unternehmensvermögen mittelbar beteiligt werden, könnte die Rentenlücke zumindest teilweise geschlossen werden. Das Unternehmensvermögen sollte bei einem neuen Reformanlauf auch vollständig in die Erbschaftsteuer einbezogen werden; dabei darf aber der Fortbestand der Unternehmen nicht gefährdet werden. Die Erbschaftsteuer auf Unternehmensvermögen könnte dabei als Finanzierungsquelle für eine kapitalgedeckte Altersgrundsicherung dienen.
The following collection of manuscripts emerged from an interdisciplinary virtual exchange held during the Winter semester of 2023/2024 at the Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, organized by Prof. Dr. Milena Valeva and Prof. Dr. Kathrin Nitschmann. Additionally, Prof. Dr. Héctor Bombiella Medina, a lecturer of anthropology in the Department of World Languages and Cultures at Iowa State University, contributed to the virtual exchange and supervised case studies 3 and 4, bringing his extensive experience in this field and facilitating the international exchange. Within the elective module on Human Rights, students from the Bachelor's programs "Nonprofit and NGO Management" and "Environmental and Business Law," as well as the Master's program "Energy and Corporate Law," explored the interconnections between human rights and sustainability.
In an era marked by unprecedented environmental challenges and profound social transformations, the intersection of human rights and the rights of nature has emerged as a critical area of inquiry and debate. Today, as we face the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss, the traditional boundaries between human and environmental rights are increasingly blurred. This confluence demands a fresh, interdisciplinary approach to understanding and addressing the complex and interrelated issues at hand. Human rights, fundamental to the dignity and freedom of individuals, are deeply impacted by environmental degradation. Communities worldwide are experiencing firsthand the devastating effects of polluted air, contaminated water, and deforested landscapes, all of which undermine basic human rights to health, livelihood, and well-being. Conversely, recognizing the rights of nature — the intrinsic value of ecosystems and species — challenges us to reconsider our legal, ethical, and philosophical frameworks. It calls for a paradigm shift from a view to one that embraces the interconnectedness of all life forms. Engaging in robust discussions and research on these topics is essential in today's context. By exploring interdisciplinary perspectives, we can forge innovative solutions that honor both the rights of individuals and the integrity of nature. This special issue aims to contribute to this vital discourse, providing insights and fostering dialogue on how we can collectively navigate the complex landscape of human rights and environmental sustainability.
The first chapter „Human rights and SDGs in the context of democracy“ examines the significance of international human rights in today's context and links them to new value systems like sustainability. The second chapter, the case study „Rights of Nature“ explores the concept of granting legal rights to nature itself by comparing laws from various countries to show how it combats environmental exploitation. The third chapter, the case study „Traditional coca leaf consumption and drug trafficking in Colombia“ delves into the complex issues surrounding coca cultivation in Colombia, highlighting its economic, social, and political impacts. The fourth chapter, the case study „The artisanal fishing community of Chorrillos, Peru“ aims to provide theoretical insights and recommendations for improving the livelihoods of artisanal fishing communities in Peru, considering legal, ethical, and environmental perspectives as well as how economic liberalization, privatization, and deregulation affect the community's socio-economic conditions.
Content:
Chapter 1 - Conceptual: Human rights and SDGs in the context of democracy
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Milena Valeva: "From Human Dignity and Human Rights to Sustainability within the context of Democracy"
Yannick Sebastian Wagner: "The relationship between the SDGs, human rights, and Catholicism in the United States, on health-related issues"
Christine Wetter: "Comparison of Human Rights and Sustainable Development Goals"
Jacob Mayer: "The challenges and opportunities of liberal democracies in promoting international value systems"
Pauline Nicolay: "Effective conflict resolution through ADRs: opportunities, challenges and applications in different contexts"
Chapter 2 - Case Study: Rights of Nature
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Kathrin Nitschmann: "Ecology and the protection of fundamental rights: status quo and development potential in the light of the precautionary principle"
Johannes Hagemann: "Decoding the Environmental Crisis: A Historical Analysis of Human-Nature Relationships"
Sahar Mallak: "Rights for Nature in selected states"
Nergiz Dogan: "Rights for Nature in Germany"
Chapter 3 - Case Study: Traditional coca leaf consumption and drug trafficking in Colombia
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Héctor Andrés Bombiella Medina: "Prologue"
Cara-Maxine Heyd: "Should something happen somewhere else that we don't want here?" ["Affected Human Rights by the destruction of coca plantations"]
Maxi-Mercedes Jahn: "Glyphosate use in line with the peace policy Colombia"
Daniel Förster: "Coca Cultivation in Colombian Economy – Considering the 2007 US-Colombian Free Trade Agreement"
Chapter 4 - Case Study: The artisanal fishing community of Chorrillos Peru
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Dorothea Hensing: "Artisanal fisheries in circumstances with political framework and comanagement"
Nina Giordano: "Traditional ecological knowledge – a key element of sustainable development"
Yasmin Krami: "Strategy to promote the Human Right to an adequate standard of living for Peruvian artisanal fishers according to Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
The following collection of manuscripts emerged from an international and interdisciplinary Virtual Exchange that took place during Covid-19 Pandemic in March/April 2021 organised by Prof. Milena Valeva and Prof. Kathrin Nitschmann. Covid 19 had -and still has in parts of the world- led to severe restrictions of fundamental liberties worldwide and thus enhanced debates on ethics and human rights. This debate appeared as a common denominator connecting citizens in countries all over the world. One of the concrete consequences for students was certainly the reduction of mobility, not only in the sense of not being allowed to visit the university but also in canceling planned international exchanges. In this context, the virtual exchange offered a chance not only to overcome the still lasting restrictions on mobility but also to exchange daily life experiences of students in Covid-times, merging into restrictions and/or violation of human rights in a legal and ethical dimension. Students from Peru, Israel and Bulgaria participated in the virtual exchange, which was supported by the International Teaching Award of Trier University of Applied Sciences, within the frame of of a summer school and had the opportunity to work synchronously and asynchronously in international and interdisciplinary teams on the topic COVID-19 - ETHICAL DILEMMAS AND HUMAN RIGHTS - EXPLORING INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS. Colleagues from Cape Town, Peru, Spain and Israel supported the event by their professional presentations. This special issue and at the same time first issue of the JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: SUSTAINABILITY PERSPECTIVES is a collection of the manuscripts of the speakers, which at the same time reflects the diversity of the topics discussed and the international perspectives. Since this is a compilation of manuscripts, the authors were responsible for the scientific formulation of the texts.
Content:
Letlhokwa George Mpedi: "Freedom of trade, occupation and profession in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa"
Larissa Glidja-Yao: "Impact of COVID-19 on company & insolvency law: An overview of Luxemburgish responses"
Kathrin Nitschmann: "On the development of compulsory vaccation in Germany in the interplay between general health protection and individual self-determination - a never-ending story?"
Diego Zegarra Valdivia: "The use of technological tools in the fight against COVID-19 & its implications on the fundamental right to the protection of personal data - an approach"
José Joaquín Fernández Alles: "Human rights in the new pact on migration on [and] asylum of European Union: An open society or closed society"
Milena Valeva & Yotam Lurie: "Spinning ethical plates in times of pandemic and sustainability"
Most of the land reforms of recent decades have followed an approach of “formalization and capitalization” of individual land titles (de Soto 2000). However, within the privatization agenda, benefits of unimproved land (such as land rents and value capture) are reaped privately by well-organized actors, whereas the costs of valorization (e.g., infrastructure) or opportunity costs of land use changes are shifted onto poorly organized groups. Consequences of capitalization and formalization include rent seeking and land grabbing. In developing countries, formal law often transpires to work in favor of the winners of the titling process and is opposed by the customary rights of the losers. This causes a lack of general acknowledgement of formalized law (which is made responsible for deprivation of livelihoods of vulnerable groups) and often leads to a clash of formal and customary norms. Countries may fall into a state of de facto anarchy and “de facto open access”. Encroachment and destruction of natural resources may spread. A reframing of development policy is necessary in order to fight these aberrations. Examples and evidence are provided from Cambodia, which has many features in common with other countries in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa in this respect.
Multimodal meaning making: The annotation of nonverbal elements in multimodal corpus transcription
(2021)
The article discusses how to integrate annotation for nonverbal elements (NVE) from multimodal raw data as part of a standardized corpus transcription. We argue that it is essential to include multimodal elements when investigating conversational data, and that in order to integrate these elements, a structured approach to complex multimodal data is needed. We discuss how to formulate a structured corpus-suitable standard syntax and taxonomy for nonverbal features such as gesture, facial expressions, and physical stance, and how to integrate it in a corpus. Using corpus examples, the article describes the development of a robust annotation system for spoken language in the corpus of Video-mediated English as a Lingua Franca Conversations (ViMELF 2018) and illustrates how the system can be used for the study of spoken discourse. The system takes into account previous research on multimodality, transcribes salient nonverbal features in a concise manner, and uses a standard syntax. While such an approach introduces a degree of subjectivity through the criteria of salience and conciseness, the system also offers considerable advantages: it is versatile and adaptable, flexible enough to work with a wide range of multimodal data, and it allows both quantitative and qualitative research on the pragmatics of interaction.
In the single-processor scheduling problem with time restrictions there is one main processor and B resources that are used to execute the jobs. A perfect schedule has no idle times or gaps on the main processor and the makespan is therefore equal to the sum of the processing times. In general, more resources result in smaller makespans, and as it is in practical applications often more economic not to mobilize resources that will be unnecessary and expensive, we investigate in this paper the problem to find the smallest number B of resources that make a perfect schedule possible. We show that the decision version of this problem is NP-complete, derive new structural properties of perfect schedules, and we describe a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MIP) formulation to solve the problem. A large number of computational tests show that (for our randomly chosen problem instances) only B=3 or B=4 resources are sufficient for a perfect schedule.
Since the beginning of 2023, the so-called reusable packaging obligation has been in place in Germany in order to reduce the amount of waste from takeaway packaging. Catering companies will then be obliged to offer reusable packaging as an alternative to disposable plastic takeaway packaging. As part of the pilot project ‘Mehrweg Modell Stadt’ (‘Reusable city model’), an open infrastructure for reusable cups is in trial in Mainz and Wiesbaden. The project was subjected to a scientific monitoring process, which included the implementation of quantitative surveys among various stakeholders within the value chain, namely consumers, catering companies, and other companies engaged in the project. This was conducted over two time periods: August 2023 to September 2023, and February to March 2024. The results show a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and their actual behavior: Despite a high level of sustainability awareness and perceived positive benefits of reusable packaging, perceived barriers stand in the way of actual use. The biggest challenges for companies are the lack of consumer demand, practical handling and hygiene requirements. The results of this quantitative social research provide important insights for the development of targeted measures to promote the use of reusable packaging in takeaway catering and contribute to the discussion on closing the attitude–behavior gap along the entire value chain.
More and more universities are recognizing their role model and creative function in society and are acting accordingly - also in terms of mobility. In this way, universities can make an important contribution to climate protection, as mobility is responsible for more than 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. The GreenMetric ranking also takes the area of mobility into account via the Transportation category, which is weighted at 18%. This paper uses the example of the Environmental Campus Birkenfeld at Trier University of Applied Sciences, Germany, to show what opportunities universities in rural areas have to reduce transportation-related emissions of students and employees. The possibilities of avoiding transportation as well as different solutions for the reduction of transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions are discussed. Furthermore, conflicts of objectives inherent to the university system in the area of mobility are considered, especially in the area of internationalization.