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Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (3)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (3)
Gehört zur Bibliographie
- nein (3)
Schlagworte
- Klimaänderung (3) (entfernen)
Institut
A comprehensive overview is provided evaluating direct real-world CO2 emissions of both diesel and petrol cars newly registered in Europe between 1995 and 2015. Before 2011, European diesel cars emitted less CO2 per kilometre than petrol cars, but since then there is no appreciable difference in per-km CO2 emissions between diesel and petrol cars. Real-world CO2 emissions of diesel cars have not declined appreciably since 2001, while the CO2 emissions of petrol cars have been stagnant since 2012. When adding black carbon related CO2-equivalents, such as from diesel cars without particulate filters, diesel cars were discovered to have had much higher climate relevant emissions until the year 2001 when compared to petrol cars. From 2001 to 2015 CO2-equivalent emissions from new diesel cars and petrol cars were hardly distinguishable. Lifetime use phase CO2-equivalent emissions of all European passenger vehicles were modelled for 1995–2015 based on three scenarios: the historic case, another scenario freezing percentages of diesel cars at the low levels from the early 1990s (thus avoiding the observed “boom” in new diesel registrations), and an advanced mitigation scenario based on high proportions of petrol hybrid cars and cars burning gaseous fuels. The difference in CO2-equivalent emissions between the historical case and the scenario avoiding the diesel car boom is only 0.4%. The advanced mitigation scenario would have been able to achieve a 3.4% reduction in total CO2-equivalent emissions over the same time frame. The European diesel car boom appears to have been ineffective at reducing climate-warming emissions from the European transport sector.
Lembrechts, Jonas J. ; van den Hoogen, Johan ; Aalto, Juha ; Ashcroft, Michael B. ; De Frenne, Pieter ; Kemppinen, Julia ; Kopecký, Martin ; Luoto, Miska ; Maclean, Ilya M. D. ; Crowther, Thomas W. ; Bailey, Joseph J. ; Haesen, Stef ; Klinges, David H. ; Niittynen, Pekka ; Scheffers, Brett R. ; Van Meerbeek, Koenraad ; Aartsma, Peter ; Abdalaze, Otar ; Abedi, Mehdi ; Aerts, Rien ; Ahmadian, Negar ; Ahrends, Antje ; Alatalo, Juha M. ; Alexander, Jake M. ; Allonsius, Camille Nina ; Altman, Jan ; Ammann, Christof ; Andres, Christian ; Andrews, Christopher ; Ardö, Jonas ; Arriga, Nicola ; Arzac, Alberto ; Aschero, Valeria ; Assis, Rafael L. ; Assmann, Jakob Johann ; Bader, Maaike Y. ; Bahalkeh, Khadijeh ; Barančok, Peter ; Barrio, Isabel C. ; Barros, Agustina ; Barthel, Matti ; Basham, Edmund W. ; Bauters, Marijn ; Bazzichetto, Manuele ; Belelli Marchesini, Luca ; Bell, Michael C. ; Benavides, Juan C. ; Benito Alonso, José Luis ; Berauer, Bernd J. ; Bjerke, Jarle W. ; Björk, Robert G. ; Björkman, Mats P. ; Björnsdóttir, Katrin ; Blonder, Benjamin ; Boeckx, Pascal ; Boike, Julia ; Bokhorst, Stef ; Brum, Bárbara N. S. ; Brůna, Josef ; Buchmann, Nina ; Buysse, Pauline ; Camargo, José Luís ; Campoe, Otávio C. ; Candan, Onur ; Canessa, Rafaella ; Cannone, Nicoletta ; Carbognani, Michele ; Carnicer, Jofre ; Casanova-Katny, Angélica ; Cesarz, Simone ; Chojnicki, Bogdan ; Choler, Philippe ; Chown, Steven L. ; Cifuentes, Edgar F. ; Čiliak, Marek ; Contador, Tamara ; Convey, Peter ; Cooper, Elisabeth J. ; Cremonese, Edoardo ; Curasi, Salvatore R. ; Curtis, Robin ; Cutini, Maurizio ; Dahlberg, C. Johan ; Daskalova, Gergana N. ; de Pablo, Miguel Angel ; Della Chiesa, Stefano ; Dengler, Jürgen ; Deronde, Bart ; Descombes, Patrice ; Di Cecco, Valter ; Di Musciano, Michele ; Dick, Jan ; Dimarco, Romina D. ; Dolezal, Jiri ; Dorrepaal, Ellen ; Dušek, Jiří ; Eisenhauer, Nico ; Eklundh, Lars ; Erickson, Todd E. ; Erschbamer, Brigitta ; Eugster, Werner ; Ewers, Robert M. ; Exton, Dan A. ; Fanin, Nicolas ; Fazlioglu, Fatih ; Feigenwinter, Iris ; Fenu, Giuseppe ; Ferlian, Olga ; Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa ; Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo ; Finckh, Manfred ; Finger Higgens, Rebecca ; Forte, T'ai G. W. ; Freeman, Erika C. ; Frei, Esther R. ; Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo ; García, Rafael A. ; García, María B. ; Géron, Charly ; Gharun, Mana ; Ghosn, Dany ; Gigauri, Khatuna ; Gobin, Anne ; Goded, Ignacio ; Goeckede, Mathias ; Gottschall, Felix ; Goulding, Keith ; Govaert, Sanne ; Graae, Bente Jessen ; Greenwood, Sarah ; Greiser, Caroline ; Grelle, Achim ; Guénard, Benoit ; Guglielmin, Mauro ; Guillemot, Joannès ; Haase, Peter ; Haider, Sylvia ; Halbritter, Aud H. ; Hamid, Maroof ; Hammerle, Albin ; Hampe, Arndt ; Haugum, Siri V. ; Hederová, Lucia ; Heinesch, Bernard ; Helfter, Carole ; Hepenstrick, Daniel ; Herberich, Maximiliane ; Herbst, Mathias ; Hermanutz, Luise ; Hik, David S. ; Hoffrén, Raúl ; Homeier, Jürgen ; Hörtnagl, Lukas ; Høye, Toke T. ; Hrbacek, Filip ; Hylander, Kristoffer ; Iwata, Hiroki ; Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni ; Jactel, Hervé ; Järveoja, Järvi ; Jastrzębowski, Szymon ; Jentsch, Anke ; Jiménez, Juan J. ; Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S. ; Jucker, Tommaso ; Jump, Alistair S. ; Juszczak, Radoslaw ; Kanka, Róbert ; Kašpar, Vít ; Kazakis, George ; Kelly, Julia ; Khuroo, Anzar A. ; Klemedtsson, Leif ; Klisz, Marcin ; Kljun, Natascha ; Knohl, Alexander ; Kobler, Johannes ; Kollár, Jozef ; Kotowska, Martyna M. ; Kovács, Bence ; Kreyling, Juergen ; Lamprecht, Andrea ; Lang, Simone I. ; Larson, Christian ; Larson, Keith ; Laska, Kamil ; le Maire, Guerric ; Leihy, Rachel I. ; Lens, Luc ; Liljebladh, Bengt ; Lohila, Annalea ; Lorite, Juan ; Loubet, Benjamin ; Lynn, Joshua ; Macek, Martin ; Mackenzie, Roy ; Magliulo, Enzo ; Maier, Regine ; Malfasi, Francesco ; Máliš, František ; Man, Matěj ; Manca, Giovanni ; Manco, Antonio ; Manise, Tanguy ; Manolaki, Paraskevi ; Marciniak, Felipe ; Matula, Radim ; Mazzolari, Ana Clara ; Medinets, Sergiy ; Medinets, Volodymyr ; Meeussen, Camille ; Merinero, Sonia ; Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães ; Meusburger, Katrin ; Meysman, Filip J. R. ; Michaletz, Sean T. ; Milbau, Ann ; Moiseev, Dmitry ; Moiseev, Pavel ; Mondoni, Andrea ; Monfries, Ruth ; Montagnani, Leonardo ; Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel ; Morra di Cella, Umberto ; Mörsdorf, Martin ; Mosedale, Jonathan R. ; Muffler, Lena ; Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam ; Myers, Jonathan A. ; Myers-Smith, Isla H. ; Nagy, Laszlo ; Nardino, Marianna ; Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona ; Newling, Emily ; Nicklas, Lena ; Niedrist, Georg ; Niessner, Armin ; Nilsson, Mats B. ; Normand, Signe ; Nosetto, Marcelo D. ; Nouvellon, Yann ; Nuñez, Martin A. ; Ogaya, Romà ; Ogée, Jérôme ; Okello, Joseph ; Olejnik, Janusz ; Olesen, Jørgen Eivind ; Opedal, Øystein H. ; Orsenigo, Simone ; Palaj, Andrej ; Pampuch, Timo ; Panov, Alexey V. ; Pärtel, Meelis ; Pastor, Ada ; Pauchard, Aníbal ; Pauli, Harald ; Pavelka, Marian ; Pearse, William D. ; Peichl, Matthias ; Pellissier, Loïc ; Penczykowski, Rachel M. ; Penuelas, Josep ; Petit Bon, Matteo ; Petraglia, Alessandro ; Phartyal, Shyam S. ; Phoenix, Gareth K. ; Pio, Casimiro ; Pitacco, Andrea ; Pitteloud, Camille ; Plichta, Roman ; Porro, Francesco ; Portillo-Estrada, Miguel ; Poulenard, Jérôme ; Poyatos, Rafael ; Prokushkin, Anatoly S. ; Puchalka, Radoslaw ; Pușcaș, Mihai ; Radujković, Dajana ; Randall, Krystal ; Ratier Backes, Amanda ; Remmele, Sabine ; Remmers, Wolfram ; Renault, David ; Risch, Anita C. ; Rixen, Christian ; Robinson, Sharon A. ; Robroek, Bjorn J. M. ; Rocha, Adrian V. ; Rossi, Christian ; Rossi, Graziano ; Roupsard, Olivier ; Rubtsov, Alexey V. ; Saccone, Patrick ; Sagot, Clotilde ; Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan ; Santos, Cinthya C. ; Sarneel, Judith M. ; Scharnweber, Tobias ; Schmeddes, Jonas ; Schmidt, Marius ; Scholten, Thomas ; Schuchardt, Max ; Schwartz, Naomi ; Scott, Tony ; Seeber, Julia ; Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina ; Seipel, Tim ; Semenchuk, Philipp ; Senior, Rebecca A. ; Serra-Diaz, Josep M. ; Sewerniak, Piotr ; Shekhar, Ankit ; Sidenko, Nikita V. ; Siebicke, Lukas ; Siegwart Collier, Laura ; Simpson, Elizabeth ; Siqueira, David P. ; Sitková, Zuzana ; Six, Johan ; Smiljanic, Marko ; Smith, Stuart W. ; Smith-Tripp, Sarah ; Somers, Ben ; Sørensen, Mia Vedel ; Souza, José João L. L. ; Souza, Bartolomeu Israel ; Souza Dias, Arildo ; Spasojevic, Marko J. ; Speed, James D. M. ; Spicher, Fabien ; Stanisci, Angela ; Steinbauer, Klaus ; Steinbrecher, Rainer ; Steinwandter, Michael ; Stemkovski, Michael ; Stephan, Jörg G. ; Stiegler, Christian ; Stoll, Stefan ; Svátek, Martin ; Svoboda, Miroslav ; Tagesson, Torbern ; Tanentzap, Andrew J. ; Tanneberger, Franziska ; Theurillat, Jean-Paul ; Thomas, Haydn J. D. ; Thomas, Andrew D. ; Tielbörger, Katja ; Tomaselli, Marcello ; Treier, Urs Albert ; Trouillier, Mario ; Turtureanu, Pavel Dan ; Tutton, Rosamond ; Tyystjärvi, Vilna A. ; Ueyama, Masahito ; Ujházy, Karol ; Ujházyová, Mariana ; Uogintas, Domas ; Urban, Anastasiya V. ; Urban, Josef ; Urbaniak, Marek ; Ursu, Tudor-Mihai ; Vaccari, Francesco Primo ; Van de Vondel, Stijn ; van den Brink, Liesbeth ; Van Geel, Maarten ; Vandvik, Vigdis ; Vangansbeke, Pieter ; Varlagin, Andrej ; Veen, G. F. ; Veenendaal, Elmar ; Venn, Susanna E. ; Verbeeck, Hans ; Verbrugggen, Erik ; Verheijen, Frank G. A. ; Villar, Luis ; Vitale, Luca ; Vittoz, Pascal ; Vives-Ingla, Maria ; von Oppen, Jonathan ; Walz, Josefine ; Wang, Runxi ; Wang, Yifeng ; Way, Robert G. ; Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M. ; Weigel, Robert ; Wild, Jan ; Wilkinson, Matthew ; Wilmking, Martin ; Wingate, Lisa ; Winkler, Manuela ; Wipf, Sonja ; Wohlfahrt, Georg ; Xenakis, Georgios ; Yang, Yan ; Yu, Zicheng ; Yu, Kailiang ; Zellweger, Florian ; Zhang, Jian ; Zhang, Zhaochen ; Zhao, Peng ; Ziemblińska, Klaudia ; Zimmermann, Reiner ; Zong, Shengwei ; Zyryanov, Viacheslav I. ; Nijs, Ivan ; Lenoir, Jonathan
Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Welti, Ellen A. R. ; Zajicek, Petr ; Frenzel, Mark ; Ayasse, Manfred ; Bornholdt, Tim ; Buse, Jörn ; Classen, Alice ; Dziock, Frank ; Engelmann, Rolf A. ; Englmeier, Jana ; Fellendorf, Martin ; Förschler, Marc I. ; Fricke, Ute ; Ganuza, Cristina ; Hippke, Mathias ; Hoenselaar, Günter ; Kaus-Thiel, Andrea ; Kerner, Janika ; Kilian, Daniela ; Mandery, Klaus ; Marten, Andreas ; Monaghan, Michael T. ; Morkel, Carsten ; Müller, Jörg ; Puffpaff, Stephanie ; Redlich, Sarah ; Richter, Ronny ; Rojas-Botero, Sandra ; Scharnweber, Tobias ; Scheiffarth, Gregor ; Schmidt Yanez, Paul ; Schumann, Rhena ; Seibold, Sebastian ; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf ; Stoll, Stefan ; Tobisch, Cynthia ; Twietmeyer, Sönke ; Uhler, Johannes ; Vogt, Juliane ; Weis, Dirk ; Weisser, Wolfgang W. ; Wilmking, Martin ; Haase, Peter
1. Among the many concerns for biodiversity in the Anthropocene, recent reports of flying insect loss are particularly alarming, given their importance as pollinators, pest control agents, and as a food source. Few insect monitoring programmes cover the large spatial scales required to provide more generalizable estimates of insect responses to global change drivers.
2. We ask how climate and surrounding habitat affect flying insect biomass using data from the first year of a new monitoring network at 84 locations across Germany comprising a spatial gradient of land cover types from protected to urban and crop areas.
3. Flying insect biomass increased linearly with temperature across Germany. However, the effect of temperature on flying insect biomass flipped to negative in the hot months of June and July when local temperatures most exceeded long-term averages.
4. Land cover explained little variation in insect biomass, but biomass was lowest in forests. Grasslands, pastures, and orchards harboured the highest insect biomass. The date of peak biomass was primarily driven by surrounding land cover, with grasslands especially having earlier insect biomass phenologies.
5. Standardised, large-scale monitoring provides key insights into the underlying processes of insect decline and is pivotal for the development of climate-adapted strategies to promote insect diversity. In a temperate climate region, we find that the positive effects of temperature on flying insect biomass diminish in a German summer at locations where temperatures most exceeded long-term averages. Our results highlight the importance of local adaptation in climate change-driven impacts on insect communities.
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