TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lembrechts, Jonas J.
A1  - van den Hoogen, Johan
A1  - Aalto, Juha
A1  - Ashcroft, Michael B.
A1  - De Frenne, Pieter
A1  - Kemppinen, Julia
A1  - Kopecký, Martin
A1  - Luoto, Miska
A1  - Maclean, Ilya M. D.
A1  - Crowther, Thomas W.
A1  - Bailey, Joseph J.
A1  - Haesen, Stef
A1  - Klinges, David H.
A1  - Niittynen, Pekka
A1  - Scheffers, Brett R.
A1  - Van Meerbeek, Koenraad
A1  - Aartsma, Peter
A1  - Abdalaze, Otar
A1  - Abedi, Mehdi
A1  - Aerts, Rien
A1  - Ahmadian, Negar
A1  - Ahrends, Antje
A1  - Alatalo, Juha M.
A1  - Alexander, Jake M.
A1  - Allonsius, Camille Nina
A1  - Altman, Jan
A1  - Ammann, Christof
A1  - Andres, Christian
A1  - Andrews, Christopher
A1  - Ardö, Jonas
A1  - Arriga, Nicola
A1  - Arzac, Alberto
A1  - Aschero, Valeria
A1  - Assis, Rafael L.
A1  - Assmann, Jakob Johann
A1  - Bader, Maaike Y.
A1  - Bahalkeh, Khadijeh
A1  - Barančok, Peter
A1  - Barrio, Isabel C.
A1  - Barros, Agustina
A1  - Barthel, Matti
A1  - Basham, Edmund W.
A1  - Bauters, Marijn
A1  - Bazzichetto, Manuele
A1  - Belelli Marchesini, Luca
A1  - Bell, Michael C.
A1  - Benavides, Juan C.
A1  - Benito Alonso, José Luis
A1  - Berauer, Bernd J.
A1  - Bjerke, Jarle W.
A1  - Björk, Robert G.
A1  - Björkman, Mats P.
A1  - Björnsdóttir, Katrin
A1  - Blonder, Benjamin
A1  - Boeckx, Pascal
A1  - Boike, Julia
A1  - Bokhorst, Stef
A1  - Brum, Bárbara N. S.
A1  - Brůna, Josef
A1  - Buchmann, Nina
A1  - Buysse, Pauline
A1  - Camargo, José Luís
A1  - Campoe, Otávio C.
A1  - Candan, Onur
A1  - Canessa, Rafaella
A1  - Cannone, Nicoletta
A1  - Carbognani, Michele
A1  - Carnicer, Jofre
A1  - Casanova-Katny, Angélica
A1  - Cesarz, Simone
A1  - Chojnicki, Bogdan
A1  - Choler, Philippe
A1  - Chown, Steven L.
A1  - Cifuentes, Edgar F.
A1  - Čiliak, Marek
A1  - Contador, Tamara
A1  - Convey, Peter
A1  - Cooper, Elisabeth J.
A1  - Cremonese, Edoardo
A1  - Curasi, Salvatore R.
A1  - Curtis, Robin
A1  - Cutini, Maurizio
A1  - Dahlberg, C. Johan
A1  - Daskalova, Gergana N.
A1  - de Pablo, Miguel Angel
A1  - Della Chiesa, Stefano
A1  - Dengler, Jürgen
A1  - Deronde, Bart
A1  - Descombes, Patrice
A1  - Di Cecco, Valter
A1  - Di Musciano, Michele
A1  - Dick, Jan
A1  - Dimarco, Romina D.
A1  - Dolezal, Jiri
A1  - Dorrepaal, Ellen
A1  - Dušek, Jiří
A1  - Eisenhauer, Nico
A1  - Eklundh, Lars
A1  - Erickson, Todd E.
A1  - Erschbamer, Brigitta
A1  - Eugster, Werner
A1  - Ewers, Robert M.
A1  - Exton, Dan A.
A1  - Fanin, Nicolas
A1  - Fazlioglu, Fatih
A1  - Feigenwinter, Iris
A1  - Fenu, Giuseppe
A1  - Ferlian, Olga
A1  - Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa
A1  - Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo
A1  - Finckh, Manfred
A1  - Finger Higgens, Rebecca
A1  - Forte, T'ai G. W.
A1  - Freeman, Erika C.
A1  - Frei, Esther R.
A1  - Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo
A1  - García, Rafael A.
A1  - García, María B.
A1  - Géron, Charly
A1  - Gharun, Mana
A1  - Ghosn, Dany
A1  - Gigauri, Khatuna
A1  - Gobin, Anne
A1  - Goded, Ignacio
A1  - Goeckede, Mathias
A1  - Gottschall, Felix
A1  - Goulding, Keith
A1  - Govaert, Sanne
A1  - Graae, Bente Jessen
A1  - Greenwood, Sarah
A1  - Greiser, Caroline
A1  - Grelle, Achim
A1  - Guénard, Benoit
A1  - Guglielmin, Mauro
A1  - Guillemot, Joannès
A1  - Haase, Peter
A1  - Haider, Sylvia
A1  - Halbritter, Aud H.
A1  - Hamid, Maroof
A1  - Hammerle, Albin
A1  - Hampe, Arndt
A1  - Haugum, Siri V.
A1  - Hederová, Lucia
A1  - Heinesch, Bernard
A1  - Helfter, Carole
A1  - Hepenstrick, Daniel
A1  - Herberich, Maximiliane
A1  - Herbst, Mathias
A1  - Hermanutz, Luise
A1  - Hik, David S.
A1  - Hoffrén, Raúl
A1  - Homeier, Jürgen
A1  - Hörtnagl, Lukas
A1  - Høye, Toke T.
A1  - Hrbacek, Filip
A1  - Hylander, Kristoffer
A1  - Iwata, Hiroki
A1  - Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni
A1  - Jactel, Hervé
A1  - Järveoja, Järvi
A1  - Jastrzębowski, Szymon
A1  - Jentsch, Anke
A1  - Jiménez, Juan J.
A1  - Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S.
A1  - Jucker, Tommaso
A1  - Jump, Alistair S.
A1  - Juszczak, Radoslaw
A1  - Kanka, Róbert
A1  - Kašpar, Vít
A1  - Kazakis, George
A1  - Kelly, Julia
A1  - Khuroo, Anzar A.
A1  - Klemedtsson, Leif
A1  - Klisz, Marcin
A1  - Kljun, Natascha
A1  - Knohl, Alexander
A1  - Kobler, Johannes
A1  - Kollár, Jozef
A1  - Kotowska, Martyna M.
A1  - Kovács, Bence
A1  - Kreyling, Juergen
A1  - Lamprecht, Andrea
A1  - Lang, Simone I.
A1  - Larson, Christian
A1  - Larson, Keith
A1  - Laska, Kamil
A1  - le Maire, Guerric
A1  - Leihy, Rachel I.
A1  - Lens, Luc
A1  - Liljebladh, Bengt
A1  - Lohila, Annalea
A1  - Lorite, Juan
A1  - Loubet, Benjamin
A1  - Lynn, Joshua
A1  - Macek, Martin
A1  - Mackenzie, Roy
A1  - Magliulo, Enzo
A1  - Maier, Regine
A1  - Malfasi, Francesco
A1  - Máliš, František
A1  - Man, Matěj
A1  - Manca, Giovanni
A1  - Manco, Antonio
A1  - Manise, Tanguy
A1  - Manolaki, Paraskevi
A1  - Marciniak, Felipe
A1  - Matula, Radim
A1  - Mazzolari, Ana Clara
A1  - Medinets, Sergiy
A1  - Medinets, Volodymyr
A1  - Meeussen, Camille
A1  - Merinero, Sonia
A1  - Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães
A1  - Meusburger, Katrin
A1  - Meysman, Filip J. R.
A1  - Michaletz, Sean T.
A1  - Milbau, Ann
A1  - Moiseev, Dmitry
A1  - Moiseev, Pavel
A1  - Mondoni, Andrea
A1  - Monfries, Ruth
A1  - Montagnani, Leonardo
A1  - Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel
A1  - Morra di Cella, Umberto
A1  - Mörsdorf, Martin
A1  - Mosedale, Jonathan R.
A1  - Muffler, Lena
A1  - Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam
A1  - Myers, Jonathan A.
A1  - Myers-Smith, Isla H.
A1  - Nagy, Laszlo
A1  - Nardino, Marianna
A1  - Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona
A1  - Newling, Emily
A1  - Nicklas, Lena
A1  - Niedrist, Georg
A1  - Niessner, Armin
A1  - Nilsson, Mats B.
A1  - Normand, Signe
A1  - Nosetto, Marcelo D.
A1  - Nouvellon, Yann
A1  - Nuñez, Martin A.
A1  - Ogaya, Romà
A1  - Ogée, Jérôme
A1  - Okello, Joseph
A1  - Olejnik, Janusz
A1  - Olesen, Jørgen Eivind
A1  - Opedal, Øystein H.
A1  - Orsenigo, Simone
A1  - Palaj, Andrej
A1  - Pampuch, Timo
A1  - Panov, Alexey V.
A1  - Pärtel, Meelis
A1  - Pastor, Ada
A1  - Pauchard, Aníbal
A1  - Pauli, Harald
A1  - Pavelka, Marian
A1  - Pearse, William D.
A1  - Peichl, Matthias
A1  - Pellissier, Loïc
A1  - Penczykowski, Rachel M.
A1  - Penuelas, Josep
A1  - Petit Bon, Matteo
A1  - Petraglia, Alessandro
A1  - Phartyal, Shyam S.
A1  - Phoenix, Gareth K.
A1  - Pio, Casimiro
A1  - Pitacco, Andrea
A1  - Pitteloud, Camille
A1  - Plichta, Roman
A1  - Porro, Francesco
A1  - Portillo-Estrada, Miguel
A1  - Poulenard, Jérôme
A1  - Poyatos, Rafael
A1  - Prokushkin, Anatoly S.
A1  - Puchalka, Radoslaw
A1  - Pușcaș, Mihai
A1  - Radujković, Dajana
A1  - Randall, Krystal
A1  - Ratier Backes, Amanda
A1  - Remmele, Sabine
A1  - Remmers, Wolfram
A1  - Renault, David
A1  - Risch, Anita C.
A1  - Rixen, Christian
A1  - Robinson, Sharon A.
A1  - Robroek, Bjorn J. M.
A1  - Rocha, Adrian V.
A1  - Rossi, Christian
A1  - Rossi, Graziano
A1  - Roupsard, Olivier
A1  - Rubtsov, Alexey V.
A1  - Saccone, Patrick
A1  - Sagot, Clotilde
A1  - Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan
A1  - Santos, Cinthya C.
A1  - Sarneel, Judith M.
A1  - Scharnweber, Tobias
A1  - Schmeddes, Jonas
A1  - Schmidt, Marius
A1  - Scholten, Thomas
A1  - Schuchardt, Max
A1  - Schwartz, Naomi
A1  - Scott, Tony
A1  - Seeber, Julia
A1  - Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina
A1  - Seipel, Tim
A1  - Semenchuk, Philipp
A1  - Senior, Rebecca A.
A1  - Serra-Diaz, Josep M.
A1  - Sewerniak, Piotr
A1  - Shekhar, Ankit
A1  - Sidenko, Nikita V.
A1  - Siebicke, Lukas
A1  - Siegwart Collier, Laura
A1  - Simpson, Elizabeth
A1  - Siqueira, David P.
A1  - Sitková, Zuzana
A1  - Six, Johan
A1  - Smiljanic, Marko
A1  - Smith, Stuart W.
A1  - Smith-Tripp, Sarah
A1  - Somers, Ben
A1  - Sørensen, Mia Vedel
A1  - Souza, José João L. L.
A1  - Souza, Bartolomeu Israel
A1  - Souza Dias, Arildo
A1  - Spasojevic, Marko J.
A1  - Speed, James D. M.
A1  - Spicher, Fabien
A1  - Stanisci, Angela
A1  - Steinbauer, Klaus
A1  - Steinbrecher, Rainer
A1  - Steinwandter, Michael
A1  - Stemkovski, Michael
A1  - Stephan, Jörg G.
A1  - Stiegler, Christian
A1  - Stoll, Stefan
A1  - Svátek, Martin
A1  - Svoboda, Miroslav
A1  - Tagesson, Torbern
A1  - Tanentzap, Andrew J.
A1  - Tanneberger, Franziska
A1  - Theurillat, Jean-Paul
A1  - Thomas, Haydn J. D.
A1  - Thomas, Andrew D.
A1  - Tielbörger, Katja
A1  - Tomaselli, Marcello
A1  - Treier, Urs Albert
A1  - Trouillier, Mario
A1  - Turtureanu, Pavel Dan
A1  - Tutton, Rosamond
A1  - Tyystjärvi, Vilna A.
A1  - Ueyama, Masahito
A1  - Ujházy, Karol
A1  - Ujházyová, Mariana
A1  - Uogintas, Domas
A1  - Urban, Anastasiya V.
A1  - Urban, Josef
A1  - Urbaniak, Marek
A1  - Ursu, Tudor-Mihai
A1  - Vaccari, Francesco Primo
A1  - Van de Vondel, Stijn
A1  - van den Brink, Liesbeth
A1  - Van Geel, Maarten
A1  - Vandvik, Vigdis
A1  - Vangansbeke, Pieter
A1  - Varlagin, Andrej
A1  - Veen, G. F.
A1  - Veenendaal, Elmar
A1  - Venn, Susanna E.
A1  - Verbeeck, Hans
A1  - Verbrugggen, Erik
A1  - Verheijen, Frank G. A.
A1  - Villar, Luis
A1  - Vitale, Luca
A1  - Vittoz, Pascal
A1  - Vives-Ingla, Maria
A1  - von Oppen, Jonathan
A1  - Walz, Josefine
A1  - Wang, Runxi
A1  - Wang, Yifeng
A1  - Way, Robert G.
A1  - Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M.
A1  - Weigel, Robert
A1  - Wild, Jan
A1  - Wilkinson, Matthew
A1  - Wilmking, Martin
A1  - Wingate, Lisa
A1  - Winkler, Manuela
A1  - Wipf, Sonja
A1  - Wohlfahrt, Georg
A1  - Xenakis, Georgios
A1  - Yang, Yan
A1  - Yu, Zicheng
A1  - Yu, Kailiang
A1  - Zellweger, Florian
A1  - Zhang, Jian
A1  - Zhang, Zhaochen
A1  - Zhao, Peng
A1  - Ziemblińska, Klaudia
A1  - Zimmermann, Reiner
A1  - Zong, Shengwei
A1  - Zyryanov, Viacheslav I.
A1  - Nijs, Ivan
A1  - Lenoir, Jonathan
T1  - Global maps of soil temperature
T2  - Global Change Biology
N2  - Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
KW  - bioclimatic variables
KW  - global maps
KW  - microclimate
KW  - near-surface temperatures
KW  - soil-dwelling organisms
KW  - soil temperature
KW  - temperature offset
KW  - weather stations
KW  - Klimaänderung
KW  - Bioklima
KW  - Mikroklima
KW  - Boden
KW  - Bodenorganismus
KW  - Bodentemperatur
KW  - Lufttemperatur
KW  - Messung
KW  - Meteorologische Station
Y1  - 2022
UR  - https://hst.opus.hbz-nrw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/267
UR  - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:tr5-2675
N1  - Data availability statement: 

All gridded maps are available at https://zenodo.org/record/4558732#.Ydv0Hf7MJPY. 

Soil bioclimatic layers SBIO1-11 are also available on Google Earth Engine under projects/crowtherlab/soil_bioclim/SBIO_v1_0_5cm and projects/crowtherlab/soil_bioclim/SBIO_v1_5_15cm. 

Monthly soil temperature maps are available under projects/crowtherlab/soil_bioclim/soil_temp_monthly_0_5_cm and projects/crowtherlab/soil_bioclim/soil_temp_monthly_5_15_cm. 

All monthly data to train the models and reproduce the figures, sampled covariate data and models are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4558663.
VL  - 28
IS  - 9
SP  - 3110
EP  - 3144
PB  - Wiley & Sons
ER  -